11th Class Biology Chapter 6 Kingdom Prokaryotae Monera Short Question Answers
Chapter 6 in 11th Class Biology introduces students to the captivating world of Kingdom Prokaryotae, specifically focusing on the intriguing domain of Monera. This chapter is dedicated to exploring the essential characteristics and biological significance of bacteria and archaea, which are prokaryotic organisms. As students embark on a journey through the microscopic landscapes of Monera, they will encounter thought-provoking short questions and answers. These 11th Class Biology Chapter 6 Kingdom Prokaryotae Monera Short Question Answers not only deepen their understanding of the intricacies of these organisms but also cultivate a profound appreciation for the fundamental role they play in the broader biological tapestry.
Immerse yourself in the fascinating realm of Kingdom Prokaryotae and delve into the wonders of the microbial world through engaging short question responses found within this enlightening chapter.
1st Year Biology Chapter 6 Short Questions
Chapter 6 in the first-year Biology course frequently includes a particular series of concise inquiries that are intended to evaluate students’ comprehension of the topics covered in the chapter. These brief questions serve the purpose of assessing students’ understanding, critical thinking skills, and ability to apply biological concepts. Students can expect to encounter a diverse range of questions that may pertain to key theories, definitions, processes, or examples discussed in the chapter.
Engaging with and responding to these concise questions not only reinforces the knowledge gained from the chapter but also aids in exam preparation by fostering a deeper understanding of the subject matter. This practice resource is highly valuable for students as it helps solidify their grasp on essential biology concepts.
11th Class Biology Chapter 6 Kingdom Prokaryotae Monera Short Question Answers Below
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1: Who formulated the germ theory of disease?
Robert Koch formulated the germ theory of disease.
2. Give postulates of Robert Koch for germ theory of disease?
1. A specific organism can always be found in association with a given disease. 2. The organism can be isolated and grown in pure culture in the laboratory. 3. The pure culture will produce the disease when inoculated into susceptible animal. 4.It is possible to recover the organism in pure culture from experimentally infected animal.
3. What is the diameter of smallest bacteria?
The smallest bacteria (e.g., some numbers of the genus Mycoplasma) are about 100 to 200 nm in diameter, approximately the size of the largest viruses ( poxviruses)
4.Name different type of bacteria on the basis of general shape?
These shapes are known as cocci, bacilli, spiral.
5. What are tetrads?
When the division of cell is in two planes it will produce a tetrad arrangement. A tetrated is a square of 4 cocci .
6. What is Sarcina?
When the division is in three planes it will produce a sarcina arrangement . Sarcina is a cube of 8 cocci.
7. How many forms spirals come in ?
Spiral come in one of three forms, a Vibrio, a spirillum, or a spirochete.
8.What are exceptional shapes of bacteria?
Exceptional shapes of bacteria are trichome forming, sheathed stalked, square, stare shaped, lobed shaped and filamentous.
9. Classify bacteria on the basis of presence of flagella, pattern of attachment of flagella present bacteria?
(i) Atrichous bacteria are without any flagella. (ii) Monotrichous, when signal polar flagellum is present. (iii) Laphotrichous, when tuft of flagella is present only at one pole of bacteria (iv) Amphitrichous, when tuft a flagella at each of two pole is present. (V) Periticlious, When flagella surround the whole cell.
10. What are pili? Describe their function?
These are hollow, nonhelical, filamentous appendages. True pili are only present on grem negative bacteria. They are made up of special protein called pilin. Function: They are primarily involved in a mating process between cells called conjugation. Some pili function as a means of attachment of bacteria to virus surfaces.
11. What is do know about the capsule of bacterial cell?
Capsule is made up of repeating polysaccharide units, and of protein or of both. Capsule is tightly bound to the cell. It has a thicker, gummy nature that gives sticky characters to colonies of encapsulated bacteria.
12.What is slime ?
Some bacteria are covered with loose, soluble shield of macromolecules which is called as slime capsule and slime provides greater pathogen city to bacteria and protects them against phagocytosis.
13. What is peptidoglycan ?
The cell of most bacteria (germ positive) have a unique macromolecule called peptidoglycan. Its amount virus in different types of bacteria. It is composed of framework of long glycan chains cross- linked with peptide fragments.
14. What are Plasmids?
These are the circular, double, stranded DNA molicules. They are self- replicating and are not essential for bacterial growth an metabolism. They often contain drug resistant heavy metals, disease and insert resistant gens on them. They can move from one bacterium to another bacterium. Plasmids are important vectors in modern genetic engineering techniques.
15. What are cysts?
Cysts are dormant, thick- walled, desiccation resistant forms and develop during differentiation of vegetative cells which can germinate under suitable condition. They are not heat resistant.
16. Differentiate between autotrophs and heterotrophs?
Some kinds of bacteria can synthesize organic compounds necessary for their structure and metabolism from simple inorganic substances. They are known as autotrophs. While those bacteria which cannot synthesize their organic compounds from simple inorganic substances are called heterophic.
17. What is nutrition?
Nutrition is a process by which nutrients are acquired from the surrounding environment and used in cellular activities such as growth and metabolism.
18. Categorize autotrophic bacteria on the basis of energy source?
On the basis of energy source autotrophic bacteria can be divided into two categories (i) Photosynthetic autotrophs (ii) Chemosynthetic autotrophis
19. what is hums?
Soil is full of organic compounds in the form of hums. The hums is a material obtained by the partial decay of plants and animals.
20. What are facultative bacteria?
Facultative bacteria grow either in the presence or absence of oxygen e.g,. E. Coli.
21. What is the use of hums?
Many soil inhabiting bacteria have very extensive enzyme system that breaks down the complex substance of hums into simpler compounds. The bacteria can than absorb and utilize these simpler substances as a source of energy. E. g,. Rhodopseudomonas.
22. Differentiate between Lag phase and Log phase of growth of bacteria?
Lag phase is phase of no growth. Bacteria prepare themselves for division while Log phase is phase of repaid growth. Bacteria divide at exponential rate.
23. What do you mean by biological control?
Biological control means of one type organisms by another type of organism. There is possibility that bacteria pathogenic to insects may eventually be used instead of insecticides. Thus bacteria would be a biological control of insects that destroy our crops and other ornamental plants.
24. Name different physical methods by which bacteria can be controlled?
1. High temperature, 2. Dry heat, 3.moist heat, 4, electromagnetic radiations, 5, members filters.
25. What is super blue green algae?
Super Blue green algae is basically expensive pound such. In which cyan bacteria is a singled called organism that produce its own food through photosynthesis. It served as a complete whole food “which contain 60% protein with all essential amino acids in perfect balance.
26. What are akinetes?
Akinetes are thick walled, enlarge vegetative cells which accumulate food and become resting cells.
27. Differentiate between Microbicidal and Microbistatic effect?
Microbicidal effect is one that kills the microbes immediately. Microbistatic effect-inhibits the reproductive capactities of the cells and maintains the microbial population at constant size.
28. What the heterocysts ? Also give their function ?
All cells in trichome are mostly similar in structure but at interval are found slightly large, round, light yellowish thick walled cells called as heterocysts.
29. What is the function of heterocysts?
Cyanobacteria have heterocysts, which are helpful in the fixation of atmospheric nitrogen.
30. What are the meaning of “pro” and “caryon” in Greek language? What are the major categories of bacteria according to microbiologists?
Kingdom procaryotae Kingdom procaryotae consist of prokaryotic cells. In Greek the word Pro means “before” and caryon means”nucleus” Microbiologists place bacteria in two major categories: i) Eubacteria (from Greek words for “true bacteria”) ii) Archaeobacteria (from Greek words for “ancient bacteria”) a much smaller division.
31. What is the contribution of Leeuwenhoek in discovery of bacteria?
Antone Van Leeuwenhoek” used a simple microscope to describe bacteria and protozoa with accurate drawings and descriptions and called these small creatures as “animalcules”. He firstly observed small creatures in rain water then confirmed these in saliva, vinegar, infusion and other substances.
32. What are contributions of Louis Pasteur in biology ?
His main achievement are the development of vaccines for disease anthrax, fowl cholera and rabies. He also made significant contributions in development of pasteurization process and development of fermentation industries. He proved that micro- organisms could cause disease.
33. Where do bacteria occur in environment ?
They are found almost everywhere,in air, land, lakes, oceans., oil deposits, food, decaying organic matter, plants, man and animals. Some bacteria are always present and contribute towards the natural Flora. Others are present only in specific environments such as hot springs, slightly alkaline/ acidic soil, highly saline environment, in highly polluted soil and waters.
34. What are various arrangements of cocci based on their planes of division?
1. Diplococcus: division is in one plane but cocci in pairs. 2. Streptococcus: division is in one plane but cocci form long chain of cells. 2. Tetrad: the division of cell is in two planes. 3. Sarcina: The division is in three planes. 4. Staphylococcus: the division occurred in random planes and cocci are arranged in irregular, often grape – like clusters.
35. What are different arrangements of bacilli?
1. Bacillus is a single cell of bacteria. 2. Streptobacillus is a chain of bacilli. 3. Diplobacilli occur in pairs.
36. Different between vibro, spirillium and spirochete?
Vibrio is curved or comma shaped sriral. Spirillum is a thick, rigid spiral, Spirochete is a thin, flexible spiral.
37. Give at least two examples each of cocci, bacilli and spiral?
Examples of cocci are Staphylococci aureas and Diplococci pneumonia. Examples of rod shaped bacteria are Escherichia coli and Bacillus subitillis. Examples of spiral shaped bacteria are Vibiro and Hyphomicrobium.
38. What are the techniques invented by Koch and his collegues?
Koch and his colleagues invented many tenchniques concerning inoculation, isolation, media preparation, maintenance of pure cultures and preparation of specimens for microscopic examinations.
39. What special structures are found in certain bacteria?
Specific structures like capsule, slime, flagella, pili, fimbriae and granule are found in certain bacteria.
40. Differentiate between diplococci and streptococci?
When cocci occur in pairs then arrangement is diplococcus. Whereas when cocci form long chain of cells then arrangement is called as streptococci.
41. What are staphylococci?
When division occurred in random planes it will produce a staphylococcus arrangement in which cocci are arranged in irregular, often grape- like clusters.
42. hat is the size of an average cocus?
An average coccus is about 0.5- 1.0 micrometer (ɳm) in diameter.
43. Differentiate between bacillus and streptobacillus?
A bacillus is a signal cell of bacteria while streptobacillus is a chain of bacilli.
44. Differentiate between atrichous and monotrichous?
When bacteria are without any flagella the condition is atrichous and when single polar flagellum is present then condition is called monotrichous.
45. Differentiate between lophotrichous and amphitrichous?
If tuft of flagella is present only at one pole of bacteria, the condition is called lophotrichous and when tuft of flagella at each of two poles is present the condition is called amphitrichous.
46. What is peritichous?
When flagella surround the whole bacteria cell then condition is called peritichous.
47. What is flagella?
Flagella are extremely thin, hair like appendages. They come out through cell wall and originate from basal body, structure just beneath the cell membrane in the cytoplasm. It is made up of protein flagellin.
48. What is the function of flagella?
Primary function of flagella is to help in motility. With the help of flagella, flagellate bacteria can detect and move in response to chemical signals which is a type of behavior called Chemotaxis.
49. What is the size of: Escherichia coli, spirochetes, staphylococci and streptococci?
Escherichia coli, a bacillus of about average size, is 1.1 to 1.5 µm wide by 2.0 to 6.0 µm long. Some spirochetes occasionally reach 500 µm in length. Whereas staphylococci and streptococci are 0.75 to 1.25 µ in diameter.
50. What is the composition of cell wall of bacteria?
The cell wall of most bacteria (gram positive) have a unique macromolecule called peptidoglycan. It is composed of framework of long glycan chains cross-linked with peptide fragments. The intact cell wall also contains chemical constituents such as sugar molecules, teichoic acid, lipoproteins and lipopolysaccharide, which are linked to peptidoglycan.
Differentiate between eubacteria and archacobacteria?
Eubacteria: Eubacteria (Greek of “True bacteria”) and a much smaller division. Cell well is of peptidoglycan or murein. For e.gE.Coli.
Archacobacteria:The archacobacteria (Greek for “ancient bacteria”). Cell wall is of protein, Glycoprotein, polysaccharide, for e.g Methanogen bacteria.
Who was the first scientist who discovered bacteria?
A Dutch scientist “Antone Van Leeuwenhoek” (1673) was the first to report the microbes such as bacteria and protozoa.
Leeuwenhoek observed bacteria in which substances?
He firstly observed small creatures in rainwater, then confirmed these in saliva, vinegar, infusions and other substances.
Who formulated the germ theory of disease?
Robert Koch formulated the “Germ theory of disease”.
Give the postulates of germ theory of disease?
The postulates of germ theory of disease are:
A specific organism can always be found in association with a given disease.
The organism can be isolated and grown in pure culture in laboratory.
The pure culture will produce the disease when inoculated into susceptible animal.
It is possible to recover the organism in pure culture from experimentally infected animals.
What is flagella? What are the important functions performed by flagella?
Flagella: These are extremely thin, hair like appendages. They come out through cell wall and originate from basal body, structure just beneath the cell membrane in the cytoplasm. They are made up of protein Flagellin.
Functions: Primary function of flagella is to help in motility. With the help of flagella, flagellate bacteria can also detect and move in response to chemical signals which is a type of behavior called as chemo taxis.
Give classification on the basis of presence of flagella?
On basis of presence of flagella, pattern of attachment of flagella and the number of flagella present bacteria are classified into different taxonomic groups:
Atrichous:Atrichous means bacteria are without any flagella.
Monotrichous:When single polar flagellum is present then condition is known as monotrichous.
Lophotrichous:If tuft of flagella is present only at one pole of bacteria then these are lophotrichous flagella.
Amphitrichous: Amphitrichous is a condition when tuft of flagella at each of two poles is present.
Peritrichous: In peritrichous form, flagella surround the whole cell.
What is pilli? Describe its functions?
Pilli: These are hollow, non-helical, filamentous appendages. Pilli are smaller than flagella and are not involved in motility. True Pilli are only present in gram-negative bacteria. They are made up of special protein called pilin.
Function:
They are primarily involved in a mating process between cells called conjugation process.
Some pili function as a means of attachment of bacteria to various surfaces.
Who developed the technique of gram stain?
Christian Gram developed the technique of gram stain.
Define cell envelope?
Collectively complexes of layer external to the cell protoplasm are called a cell envelope.
Differentiate between capsule and slime?
Capsule: Bacteria produce capsule, which is made up of repeating polysaccharides units, and of protein, or both, capsule is tightly bound to the cell. It has a thicker, gummy nature that gives sticky characters to colonies of encapsulated bacteria.
Slime: Some bacteria are covered with loose, soluble shield of macromolecules which is called as slime capsule and slime provides greater pathogenicity to bacteria and protects them against phagocytosis.
Describe the function of cell wall?
It is a rigid structure. It determines the shape of bacterium. Cell wall also protects the cells from osmotic lysis.
What is protoplast?
The plasma membrane and everything present within it is known as protoplast.
List function that the cell membrane performs in bacteria?
The functions performed by cell membrane in bacteria are:
Cell membrane performed regulates the transport of proteins, nutrients, sugar and electrons or other metabolites.
The plasma membranes of bacteria also contain enzymes for respiratory metabolism.
What are mesosomes? And what are some of their possible functions?
Mesosomes: The cell membrane, invaginates into the cytoplasm forming structure called as mesosomes. Mesosomes are in the form of vesicles, tubules or lamellae.
Functions:Mesosomes are involved in DNA replication and cell division where as some mesosomes are also involved in export of exocellular enzyme. Respiratory enzyme are also present on the mesosomes.
Name a bacterium that has no cell wall?
Cell wall is only absent in mycoplasma.
What is unique about the structure of bacterial ribosomes?
Ribosomes are composed of RNA and proteins. Some may also be loosely attached to plasma membranes. They are protein factories. There are thousands of ribosomes in each healthy growing cell. They are smaller then eukaryotic ribosomes. They are 70S, small unit of 30S and large of 50S.
What are plasmids? What is the role played by the plasmids?
Many bacteria contains plasmid in addition to chromosomes. These are the circular, double stranded DNA molecules. They are self-replicating and are not essential for bacterial growth and metabolism. They often contain drug resistant, heavy metals, disease and insect resistant genes on them, Plasmids are important vectors, in modern engineering techniques.
Name the substances that bacteria store?
Bacteria store glycogen, sulphurm fat and phosphate.
Name the common waste materials of bacteria?
Common waste materials are alcohol lactic acid and acetic acid.
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