11th Class Biology Chapter 14 Transport Short Questions Answers

i) Symplast ii) Apoplast iii) Vacuolar

It is pathway involving system of adjacent cell wall which is containous throughout the plant roots (except for the casparian strips in the root endodermis). In ht e roots apoplast pathway becomes discontinuous in the endodermis due to the presence of Casparian strips.

The casparian strip is belt of thickening on the radial and transverse walls of endodermal cells.

Some nutrients are carried from the soil to the epidermal cells of roots through their cell membrane with the help of carrier proteins. This process is called facilitated diffusion.

kPa =1000 Pascals- which is the pressure exerted by a vertical force on one Newton on an area of 1 metre square.

The pressure exerted due to endosmosis among by the protoplast against the cell wall is called pressure potential.

The cohesion is the force of attraction among the water molecules while adhesion is the force of attraction between water molecules and walls of the xylem cells.

Hydathodes are modified stomata and located near terminal tracheids around the tips and margin of leaf.

This hormone is called abscisic acid.

The movement of water due to pressure difference between two locations is called bulk or mass flow.

The reasons are: (i) The body of planaria is flat, and provides greater surface area for the exchange of material, between the body and the environment. (ii) The branches of intestine give many smaller branches which end in intestinal caecae. These caecae reach near almost every cell of the body.

If only deoxygenated blood passes through the chambers of the heart then such a heart is called single circuit heart, But if both oxygenated and deoxygenated blood through the chambers of the heart then is the heart is said to be double circuit heart.

a). Granulocyte: Granulocytes have granules in their cytoplasm and their nucleus is Characteristically 2-4 lobed. They constitute about 71 to 72% of total white blood cells count, in normal person and include neutrophils and basophils. (b). Agranulocytes: They have clear cytoplasm (no granules), and the nucleus does not have lobed appearance, but is rounded Agranulocytes include monocytes (B and T).

i) Leucaemia, ii) Thalassaemia, iii) Oedema

Stroke: If the normal flow if blood is blocked by an embolus (or a locally formed thrombus, in a blood vessel in the brain, and causes necrosis, or death, of the surrounding neural tissue (owing to lack of O2) the condition is called a stroke or cerebral infarction.Brain haemorrhage: The brain haemorrhage results from bursting of any of the arteries supplying the brain.

In the intestine, the branches of lymph capillaries, within villi, are called lacteals.

The immunity that develops in response to vaccines is called active immunity. Its response is not immediate but long lasting . On the other hand passive immunity develops in response to antisera. Its response is immediate but not long lasting.

Lymphoid T and B have been named due to their relationship with Thymus gland, and Bursa of Fabricius respectively.

Bursa of Fabricius is lymphoid structure present in the wall of cloaca of young birds from where B-lymphoctyes were discovered to have role in immune system.

Cell- mediated response: In this case T-lymphocytes recognize antigen then combat micro-organisms and / or affect the rejection of foreign tissue (in case of tissue transplant). Humoral Immune response: In humoral immune response B- lymphocytes recognize antigen and form plasma cell clone. These plasma cell synthesis and liberate antibodies into the blood plasma and tissue fluid. Here antibodies attach to the surface of bacteria and speed up their phagocytosis, or combine with them neutralise toxins produced by micro-organisms, by producing antitoxins.

Guttation or exudation is loss of liquid water through water secreting glands called hydathodes. Sometimes it so happens that certain plants, when cut, or otherwise wounded, show a flow of sap from the cut ends or surfaces quite often with a considerable force. This phenomenon is commonly called bleeding.

Pulmonary circulation. The circulation of deoxygenated blood by pulmonary arch from right ventricle to lung, and the oxygenated blood from the lungs to left auricle (atrium) via pulmonary veins is called. Pulmonary circulation. Systemic circulation. The systemic arch distributes blood to different parts of the body, and then the blood from the body returns to the heart, in the right atrium via precaval and postcaval. This is systemic circulation.

Macrophages and neutrophils feed on bacteria invaders or other foreign cells, including cancer cells. They typically die in the process, and their dead bodies accumulated and contribute to the white substance called pus, seen at infection sites.

The cell wall components especially cellulose, pectin and lignin can components do not dissolve in water, this is called imbibitions.

The root bear a dense cluster of tiny hair like structures which are extensions of epidermal cells of roots. These are the root hairs. Root hairs are in fact the sits where most of the uptake of water and minerals takes place.

The movement of water molecules from a region of their higher concentration to the region their low concentration through a partially permeable membrane is called osmosis.

If water moves by osmosis into a cell the process is called endosmosis. If water moves out of the cell by osmosis, the process is called exosmosis.

In this the system of interconnected protoplasts in the root cells. The cytoplasm of neighboring cells (Protoplasts) is connected with one another plasmodesmata.

In this pathway water moves from vacuole to vacuole through neingbouring cells processing the simplest and applets in the process and moving through cell membranes by osmosis. Water moves passively down a concentration gradient.

Water molecules process kinetic energy which means that in liquid or gaseous from they move about rapidly and randomly from one place to another. So geater the concentration of te water molecules in a system greater is the total kinetic energy of water molecules. This is called water potential.

In plant cells two fectors determine water potential.
i) Solute concentration (solute potential or ψ_s)
ii) Pressure generated when water enters and inflates plant cells (pressure potential or ψ_p)

The osmotic (solute) potential ψ_s is a measure of the change in water potential (ψ_w) of a system due to the pressure of solute molecules. Ψ_s is always negative.

When a living cell is placed in a solution having lower water potential then that of the cell, water will move from cell to solution causing shirnkiage of protoplast. The cell is called plasmolysed cell and the process is called plasmoltsis. If this plasmolysed cell is placed in distilled water ( which has highest water potential) the water molecules would move from distilled water through differentially permeable cell membrane into the cell, and the cell would come to its original form. The phenomenon is called deplasmolysis and the cell is called deplasmolysed.

Osmoregulation is the mechanism employed by animals to maintain the amount of water and salts in their cells to a constant or nearly constant levels.

Water and dissolved minerals are carried or pulled upwards towards the levels through xylem tissue. This is called ascent of sap.

1. Cohesion Tension Theory, 2. Root Pressure 3.Imbibition

The evaporation of water from the aerial parts of the plant especially through stomata of leaves is a process called transpiration.

Root pressure is an osmotic or hydrostatic pressure created in the absence of transpiration due to accumulation of ions from surrounding cells into xylem abd causes ascent of sap.

Guttation or exudation is loss of liquid water through water secreting glands called hydathodes.

The process of root pressure is inhibited by respiratory inhibitors such as cyanide lack of oxygen and low temperature.

In this case of snake bit venom passive immunity is produced by the antitoxins-so the serum is called antivenom serum.

Sometimes it so happens that certain plants, when cut, or otherwise wounded, show a flow of sap from the cut ends or surface quite often with a consirerable force. This phenomenon is commonly called bleeding.

The loss of water in the form of water vapours through the cuticle of leave is called cuticular transpiration.

. i) Cuticular transpiration ii) Lenticular transpiration iii) Stomatal transpiration

Lenticular transpiration is the loss of water vapours through lenticels present in the stem of some plants.

The transpiration in which the water vapours escape through the stomata is called stomatal transpiration.

Lenticels are aerating pores formed in the bark through which exchange of gases takes place, and water is lost in the form of water vapours (transpiration).

In isobilateral (both sides similar) leaves the stomata are present in both upper and lower epidermis e.g. lily maize leaf. In dorsiventral leaves the stomata are confined to only the lower epidermis.

The stomata close by reverse process, involving passive diffusion of K⁺ form guard cells following by water moving out by osmosis.

(i). Carbon dioxide level
(ii) Blue light
(iii) Biological clock    

Transfer of substances from region where its concentration is low to where it is high especially through a membrane accomplished by means of expenditure of energy from metabolism. Probably all cells can do this.

Root hairs provide 67% of the total area of the root.

These factors are solute potential and the pressure potential.

It is the cavity in which lies 13-chambered heart of cockroach.

These are monocytes and lymphocytes.

The iliac veins bring blood from the legs.

The discharges of the blood from the blood vessels is called haemorrhage.

The antiserum is serum, containing antibodies.

The vessels in which blood flows are called blood vessels. There are three types of blood vessels.

1. Arteries
2. Veins
3. Capillaries

It is the component of water potential that takes into account the concentration of solutes in the cell. It is represented by Ѱs and is always negative.

The old and worn out red blood cells are destroyed in the spleen and liver.

It is known as hypertension.

A solid mass or plug of blood clot in a blood vessel is called thrombus.

It is named after an American Pediatrician, Thomas B Cooley who investigated on it.

The human blood contains about 90% of water.

Ernest Munch proposed pressure flow theory’ in 1930.

These parts are the root hairs.

These are the cellulose pectin and lignin etc.

The loss of water from the surface of the plant in the form of water vapors is known as transpiration.

The rate of transpiration doubles for every temperature rise of about 10C within certain limits.